Disease and Famine Drove Evolution of Lactose Tolerance

Introduction

Prehistoric people in Europe were consuming milk thousands of years before humans evolved the genetic trait allowing us to digest the milk sugar lactose as adults, finds a new study. The research, published in Nature, mapped pre-historic patterns of milk use over the last 9,000 years, offering new insights into milk consumption and the evolution of lactose tolerance.

Main Digest

Until now, it was widely assumed that lactose tolerance emerged because it allowed people to consume more milk and dairy products. But this new research, led by scientists from the University of Bristol and University College London (UCL) alongside collaborators from 20 other countries, shows that famine and exposure to infectious diseases best explain the evolution of our ability to consume milk and other non-fermented dairy products.

While most European adults today can drink milk without discomfort, two-thirds of adults in the world today, and almost all adults 5,000 years ago, can face problems if they drink too much milk. This is because milk contains lactose, and if we don't digest this unique sugar, it will travel to our large intestine, where it can cause cramps, diarrhea, and flatulence, known as lactose intolerance. However, this new research suggests that in the UK today, these effects are rare.

Professor George Davey Smith, Director of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol and a study's co-author, said:

"To digest lactose, we need to produce the enzyme lactase in our gut. Almost all babies produce lactase, but in most people globally, that production declines rapidly between weaning and adolescence. However, a genetic trait called lactase persistence has evolved over the last 10,000 years and spread in various milk-drinking populations in Europe, central and southern Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Today, around one-third of adults in the world are lactase persistent."

By mapping patterns of milk use over the last 9,000 years, probing the UK Biobank, and combining ancient DNA, radiocarbon, and archaeological data using new computer modeling techniques, the team was able to show that lactase persistence genetic trait was not common until around 1,000 BC, nearly 4,000 years after it was first detected around 4,700 to 4,600 BC.

"The lactase persistence genetic variant was pushed to high frequency by some sort of natural turbocharged selection. The problem is, such strong natural selection is hard to explain," added Professor Mark Thomas, Professor of Evolutionary Genetics and study co-author from University College London.

To establish how lactose persistence evolved, Professor Richard Evershed, the study's lead from Bristol's School of Chemistry, assembled an unprecedented database of nearly 7,000 organic animal fat residues from 13,181 fragments of pottery from 554 archaeological sites to find out where and when people were consuming milk. His findings showed milk was used extensively in European prehistory, dating from the earliest farming nearly 9,000 years ago, but increased and decreased in different regions at different times.

To understand how this relates to the evolution of lactase persistence, the UCL team, led by Professor Mark Thomas, assembled a database of the presence or absence of the lactase persistence genetic variant using published ancient DNA sequences from more than 1,700 prehistoric European and Asian individuals. They first saw it around 5,000 years ago. It was at appreciable frequencies three thousand years ago and is very common today. Next, his team developed a new statistical approach to examine how well changes in milk use through time explain the natural selection for lactase persistence. Surprisingly, they found no relationship, even though they could show they could detect that relationship if it existed, challenging the long-held view that the extent of milk use drove lactase persistence evolution.

Professor George Davey Smith's team had been probing the UK Biobank data, comprising genetic and medical data for more than 300,000 living individuals, and found only minimal differences in milk drinking behavior between genetically lactase persistent and non-persistent people. Critically, most people who were genetically lactase non-persistent experienced no short-term or long-term negative health effects when they consumed milk.

Professor Davey Smith added:

"Our findings show milk use was widespread in Europe for at least 9,000 years, and healthy humans, even those not lactase persistent, could happily consume milk without getting ill. However, drinking milk in lactase non-persistent individuals does lead to a high concentration of lactose in the intestine, which can draw fluid into the colon, and dehydration can result when this is combined with diarrhoeal disease".

"If you are healthy and lactase non-persistent, and drink lots of milk, you may experience discomfort, but you will not die of it. However, you have life-threatening problems if you are severely malnourished and have diarrhea. When their crops failed, prehistoric people would have been more likely to consume unfermented high-lactose milk - exactly when they shouldn't."

To test these ideas, Professor Thomas' team applied indicators of past famine and pathogen exposure to their statistical models. Their results supported both explanations -- the lactase persistence gene variant was under stronger natural selection when there were indications of more famine and more pathogens.

The Authors Concluded:

"Our study demonstrates how, in later prehistory, as populations and settlement sizes grew, human health would have been increasingly impacted by poor sanitation and increasing diarrhoeal diseases, especially those of animal origin. Under these conditions consuming milk would have resulted in increasing death rates, with individuals lacking lactase persistence being especially vulnerable. This situation would have been further exacerbated under famine conditions when disease and malnutrition rates increased. This would lead to individuals who did not carry a copy of the lactase persistence gene variant being more likely to die before or during their reproductive years, pushing the population prevalence of lactase persistence up."

"It seems the same factors that influence human mortality today drove the evolution of this amazing gene through prehistory."

The study was supported by funding from the Royal Society, the RCUK - Medical Research Council (MRC) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and the European Research Council.

Paper

'Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe' by R Evershed et al in Nature.

In Most Cases Avoiding Dairy Products Due to Lactose Intolerance is Unnecessary

Attribution/Source(s):

This peer reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World due to its significant relevance to the disability community. Originally authored by University of Bristol, and published on 2022/07/31 (Edit Update: 2023/01/04), the content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity. For further details or clarifications, University of Bristol can be contacted at bristol.ac.uk. NOTE: Disabled World does not provide any warranties or endorsements related to this article.

Related Publications▶ Share This Page

Page Information, Citing and Disclaimer

Disabled World is a comprehensive online resource that provides information and news related to disabilities, assistive technologies, and accessibility issues. Founded in 2004 our website covers a wide range of topics, including disability rights, healthcare, education, employment, and independent living, with the goal of supporting the disability community and their families.

Cite This Page (APA): University of Bristol. (2022, July 31 - Last revised: 2023, January 4). Disease and Famine Drove Evolution of Lactose Tolerance. Disabled World. Retrieved September 11, 2024 from www.disabled-world.com/disability/education/anthropology/lactose-tolerance.php

Permalink: <a href="https://www.disabled-world.com/disability/education/anthropology/lactose-tolerance.php">Disease and Famine Drove Evolution of Lactose Tolerance</a>: New research shows that famine and exposure to infectious diseases best explain the evolution of our ability to consume milk and other non-fermented dairy products.

Disabled World provides general information only. Materials presented are never meant to substitute for qualified medical care. Any 3rd party offering or advertising does not constitute an endorsement.