Dinosaur and Bird Fossils Reveal Diversity of Prehistoric Patagonia

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Patagonia

Patagonia is a geographical region encompassing the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The area comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, glaciers in the west and deserts, tablelands, and steppes to the east. Patagonia is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and many bodies of water that connect them, such as the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel, and the Drake Passage to the south.

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New Records of Theropoda from a Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) Locality in the Magallanes-Austral Basin, Patagonia, and Insights Into End Cretaceous Theropod Diversity.

A study led by The University of Texas at Austin provides a glimpse into dinosaur and bird diversity in Patagonia during the Late Cretaceous, just before the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct.

The fossils represent the first record of theropods - a dinosaur group that includes modern birds and their closest non-avian dinosaur relatives - from the Chilean portion of Patagonia. The researchers include giant megaraptors with large sickle-like claws and birds from the group that also includes today's modern species.

"The fauna of Patagonia leading up to the mass extinction was diverse," said lead author Sarah Davis, who completed this work as part of her doctoral studies with Professor Julia Clarke at the UT Jackson School of Geosciences Department of Geological Sciences. "You've got your large theropod and smaller carnivores, as well as these bird groups coexisting alongside other reptiles and small mammals."

The study was published in the Journal of South American Earth Sciences.

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Since 2017, members of the Clarke lab, including graduate and undergraduate students, have joined scientific collaborators from Chile in Patagonia to collect fossils and build a record of ancient life from the region. Over the years, researchers had found abundant plant and animal fossils from before the asteroid strike that killed off the dinosaurs.

The study focuses specifically on theropods, with the fossils dating from 66 to 75 million years ago.

Non-avian theropod dinosaurs were mostly carnivorous and included the top predators in the food chain. This study shows that in prehistoric Patagonia, these predators included dinosaurs from two groups - megaraptors and unenlagiines.

Reaching over 25 feet long, megaraptors were among the larger theropod dinosaurs in South America during the Late Cretaceous. The unenlagiines - a group with members that ranged from chicken-sized to over 10 feet tall - were probably covered with feathers, just like their close relative, the velociraptor. The unenlagiinae fossils described in the study are the southernmost known instance of this dinosaur group.

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The bird fossils were from two groups - enantiornithines and ornithurines. Although now extinct, enantiornithines were the most diverse and abundant birds millions of years ago. These resembled sparrows - but with beaks lined with teeth. The group ornithurae includes all modern birds living today. The ones living in ancient Patagonia may have resembled a goose or duck, though the fossils are too fragmentary to tell for sure.

The researchers identified the theropods from small fossil fragments, the dinosaurs mostly from teeth and toes, and the birds from small bone pieces. Davis said the enamel glinting on the dinosaur teeth helped spot them among the rocky terrain.

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Some researchers have suggested that the Southern Hemisphere faced less extreme or more gradual climatic changes than the Northern Hemisphere after the asteroid strike. This may have made Patagonia, and other places in the Southern Hemisphere, a refuge for birds, mammals, and other life that survived the extinction. Davis said this study could aid in investigating this theory by building a record of ancient life before and after the extinction event.

Study co-author Marcelo Leppe, the director of the Antarctic Institute of Chile, said that these records are key to understanding life as it exists today.

"We still need to know how life made its way in that apocalyptic scenario and gave rise to our southern environments in South America, New Zealand, and Australia," he said. "Here theropods are still present - no longer as dinosaurs as imposing as megaraptorids - but as the diverse array of birds found in Patagonia's forests, swamps and marshes, and in Antarctica and Australia."

The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Agency for Research and Development of Chile, and the Jackson School of Geosciences. The study's co-authors include Clarke and researchers at the University of Chile, Major University, the University of Concepción, and the Chilean National Museum of Natural History.

Attribution/Source(s):

This peer reviewed article relating to our Anthropology and Disability section was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World due to its likely interest to our disability community readers. Though the content may have been edited for style, clarity, or length, the article "Dinosaur and Bird Fossils Reveal Diversity of Prehistoric Patagonia" was originally written by University of Texas at Austin, and published by Disabled-World.com on 2023/01/12. Should you require further information or clarification, University of Texas at Austin can be contacted at utexas.edu. Disabled World makes no warranties or representations in connection therewith.

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