Tryptophan, Life's Key Amino Acid, Found in Deep Space

Author: Carmen del Puerto Varela Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)
Published: 20 Jun 2023 - Updated: 11 Apr 2025
Publication Details: Peer-Reviewed, Scientific Discovery

Contents: Synopsis - Definition - Introduction - Main - Insights, Updates - Related Publications

Synopsis: This peer-reviewed report highlights the groundbreaking discovery of the amino acid tryptophan in interstellar space, specifically in the IC 348 star cluster within the Perseus Molecular Cloud. Tryptophan, a vital building block of proteins, was identified using data from the Spitzer Space Observatory, marking the first confirmed detection of this amino acid in the interstellar medium. The findings suggest that amino acids may naturally enrich protoplanetary discs and atmospheres of young planets, potentially accelerating the emergence of life. This discovery has profound implications for understanding the origins of life and raises the possibility that life may be more common in our galaxy than previously thought. For individuals with disabilities or seniors interested in science, this research underscores humanity's shared connection to the universe and offers an inspiring perspective on life's potential beyond Earth.*

Topic Definition: Tryptophan

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins and is needed for normal growth in infants and for the production and maintenance of the body's proteins, muscles, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid. The body uses tryptophan to help make melatonin and serotonin. Melatonin helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, and serotonin is thought to help regulate appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. The disorder fructose malabsorption causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood, and depression.

Introduction

"A Search for Tryptophan in the Gas of the Ic 348 Star Cluster of the Perseus Molecular Cloud" - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Tryptophan is one of the 20 amino acids considered essential for the formation of proteins, which are key macromolecules for the development of life on Earth. This amino acid has many spectral features in the infrared, as had been previously characterized by Susana Iglesias Groth, an IAC researcher. Using data from the Spitzer Space Observatory she identifies more than 10 emission bands of this molecule, the strongest according to her laboratory measurements.

"Given the spectral coverage in the infrared, and the large spectroscopic database from the Spitzer telescope this amino acid was the obvious candidate to search for in space" explains the astrophysicist.

Main Content

The study took into account data from many regions of star and planet formation, but it was in one of the nearest and best known regions, the molecular cloud complex in Perseus, and in particular in the stellar system IC 348 where the combination of all the spectroscopic data from the satellite has allowed us to attain the máximum sensitivity and to identify lines which tryptophan produces in the laboratory,

"IC 348 is an exceptional star formation region and an extraordinary chemical laboratory; thanks to its proximity to Earthy we can carry out some of the most sensitive searches for molecules in the interstellar medium" notes Iglesias-Groth, who has recently detected in the same region evidence for other molecules such as water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H), benzene (C6H6), policyclic aromatic hidrocarbons, and fullerenes, among others.

"The novelty of this work is that tryptophan has never before been detected in the interstellar medium, and furthermore, in spite of decades of research, there has been no confirmed detection of other amino acids in any other star formation region" emphasizes the researcher.

The study presents evidence that tryptophan-associated emission lines may also be present in other star-forming regions and suggests that its presence, and possibly that of other amino acids, is common in the gas from which stars and planets form.

"It is likely that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, may be enriching the gas in the protoplanetary discs and atmospheres of young, newly formed exoplanets and perhaps accelerating the emergence of life there" says Iglesias-Groth.

The analysis of the emission bands of this molecule has also allowed us to estimate the temperature at which it is found in the gas of this cloud: about 280 Kelvin, i.e. close to zero degrees Celsius, a temperature very similar to that measured for molecular hydrogen and water in the interstellar medium of IC 348 in previous studies published by Iglesias-Groth. The new work also presents an estimate of the abundance of tryptophan in the same region: about ten billion times less abundant than molecular hydrogen.

"It is well known that amino acids are part of meteorites and may have been present as early as the formation of the Solar System" explains Iglesias-Groth. "The discovery of tryptophan and, hopefully, of other amino acids in the future, could indicate that protein-building agents, which are key to the development of living organisms, exist naturally in the regions where stars and planetary systems form, and that life may be more common in our Galaxy than we could have predicted" she concludes.

Insights, Analysis, and Developments

Attribution/Source(s): This peer reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World (DW) due to its relevance to the disability community. Originally authored by Carmen del Puerto Varela Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) and published on 20 Jun 2023, this content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity.

* Editorial additions by Ian C. Langtree.