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Exploring the Origins of Upright Walking in Human Evolution

Author: Harvard University
Published: 2022/09/12 - Updated: 2025/03/31
Publication Details: Peer-Reviewed, Anthropology News
Topic: Anthropology and Disability - Publications List

Page Content: Synopsis - Introduction - Main - Insights, Updates

Synopsis: This paper, published by Harvard University in 2022, examines the developmental origins of the human pelvis, highlighting its pivotal role in enabling bipedal locomotion and accommodating childbirth. It reveals that between the sixth and eighth weeks of gestation, critical pelvic structures unique to humans begin to form, including the curved, basin-like shape essential for upright walking and delivering infants with larger cranial sizes. The study identifies specific genes and genetic sequences active during this period, orchestrating the pelvis's development by temporarily maintaining certain regions as cartilage to allow necessary growth and shaping before ossification. These insights not only enhance our understanding of human evolutionary biology but also have potential implications for predicting and treating hip-related disorders such as dysplasia and osteoarthritis, conditions that can significantly impact mobility in individuals, including seniors and those with disabilities - Disabled World (DW).

Introduction

The developmental impacts of natural selection on human pelvic morphology.

If evolutionary biologist Terence D. Capellini were to rank the body parts that make us quintessentially human, the pelvis would place close to the top.

After all, its design makes it possible for humans to walk upright on two legs (unlike our primate cousins), and it makes it possible for mothers to give birth to babies with large heads (therefore big brains). On an anatomical level, the pelvis is well understood, but that knowledge starts to break down regarding how and when this uber-important structure takes its shape during development.

Main Content

A new study from Capellini's lab is changing that. Published in Science Advances, the work shows that the pelvis takes shape during pregnancy and identifies the genes and genetic sequences that orchestrate the process. The work can one day shed light on the genetic origin of bipedalism and open the door for treatments or predictors of hip joint disorders, like hip dysplasia and hip osteoarthritis.

"This paper is really focused on what all humans share, which are these changes to the pelvis that allowed us to walk on two legs and allowed us to give birth to a large fetal head," said Capellini, a newly tenured Professor in the Department of Human Evolutionary Biology and senior author on the study.

The study shows many features essential for human walking and birth form around the 6 to 8-week mark during pregnancy. This includes key pelvic features unique to humans, like its curved and basin-like shape. The formation happens while bones are still cartilage, so they can easily curve, rotate, expand, and grow.

The researchers also saw that as other cartilage in the body begins to turn into bone, this developing pelvic section stays as cartilage. Hence, it has time to form properly.

"There appears to be a stalling that happens, and this stalling allows the cartilage to grow still, which was pretty interesting to find and surprising," Capellini said. "I call it a zone of protection."

The researchers performed RNA sequencing to show which genes in the region are actively triggering the pelvis formation and stalling ossification, which normally turns softer cartilage into hard bone. They identified hundreds of genes turned either on or off during the 6 to 8-week mark to form the ilium in the pelvis, the largest and uppermost bones of the hip with blade-like structures that curve and rotate into a basin to support walking on two legs.

Compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, the shorter and wider reorientation of our pelvic blades make it, so humans don't have to shift the mass of our weight forward and use our knuckles to walk or balance more comfortably. It also helps increase the size of the birth canal. On the other hand, apes have much narrower birth canals and more elongated ilium bones.

The researchers started the study by comparing these differences in hundreds of skeletal samples of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The comparisons demonstrated the striking effects that natural selection has had on the human pelvis, the ilium in particular.

To see when the ilium and pelvic elements forming the birth canal began to take shape, the researchers examined 4 to 12-week-old embryos under a microscope with the consent of people who had legally terminated their pregnancies. The researchers then compared samples from the developing human pelvis' with mouse models to identify the on and off switches triggering the formation.

The work was led by Mariel Young, a former graduate researcher in Capellini's lab who graduated in 2021 with her Ph.D. The study was a collaboration between Capellini's lab and 11 other labs in the U.S. and worldwide. Ultimately, the group wants to see what these changes mean for common hip diseases.

"Walking on two legs affected our pelvic shape, which affects our disease risk later," Capellini said. "We want to reveal that mechanism. Why does selection on the pelvis affect our later disease risk of the hip, like osteoarthritis or dysplasia? Making those connections at the molecular level will be critical."

Insights, Analysis, and Developments

Editorial Note: The evolution of bipedalism remains a cornerstone of what defines humanity. By reexamining where and how this trait emerged, this report underscores the importance of mobility in shaping our species’ identity. Such studies remind us of the intricate interplay between environment and physiology, offering lessons for modern mobility challenges faced by diverse populations - Disabled World (DW).

Attribution/Source(s): This peer reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World (DW) due to its relevance to the disability community. Originally authored by Harvard University and published on 2022/09/12, this content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity. NOTE: Disabled World does not provide any warranties or endorsements related to this article.

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Cite This Page: Harvard University. (2022, September 12 - Last revised: 2025, March 31). Exploring the Origins of Upright Walking in Human Evolution. Disabled World (DW). Retrieved June 14, 2025 from www.disabled-world.com/disability/education/anthropology/walking-upright.php

Permalink: <a href="https://www.disabled-world.com/disability/education/anthropology/walking-upright.php">Exploring the Origins of Upright Walking in Human Evolution</a>: Discover how human ancestors may have evolved to walk upright in trees, reshaping our understanding of bipedalism and its origins.

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