Religious Freedom Laws Linked to Poor Health in LGBTQ+

Author: University of Pittsburgh Schools of The Health Sciences
Published: 2018/10/21 - Updated: 2025/03/03
Publication Details: Peer-Reviewed, Findings
Topic: LGBT and Disability - Publications List

Page Content: Synopsis - Introduction - Main - Insights, Updates

Synopsis: This report examines a study from the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health, revealing how religious freedom laws, like Indiana's 2015 Religious Freedom Restoration Act, might be tied to worsening health among sexual minorities. It's a compelling read because it highlights a real-world intersection of policy and well-being, showing how legal changes can ripple into people's lives - especially for those already facing stigma. The data, drawn from the CDC's 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, offers a solid look at how “unhealthy days” spiked for sexual minorities in Indiana after the law's passage. It's especially useful for anyone interested in health equity, including people with disabilities or seniors who might also navigate overlapping social challenges, as it underscores the need to consider how laws affect vulnerable groups beyond their intended scope. These findings suggest a correlation between discriminatory legislation and adverse health outcomes in marginalized - Disabled World (DW).

Introduction

States' religious freedom laws may be linked to poorer self-reported health among people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or are unsure of their sexual orientation - a group known as sexual minorities - according to a national analysis led by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health's Center for LGBT Health Research.

Main Content

The study, recently published online in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, found that after Indiana's passage of a Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) in 2015, sexual minorities increasingly reported poor health on a national survey. Such laws are often invoked by the courts to support those who want to deny services to members of particular groups due to conflicts with their personal religious beliefs.

"Although we can't say for certain what caused this significant increase in unhealthy days for sexual minority people in Indiana, the change coincided with intense public debate over enactment of the RFRA law," said lead author John R. Blosnich, Ph.D., M.P.H., assistant professor in the Pitt School of Medicine's Division of General and Internal Medicine, and member of Pitt Public Health's Center for LGBT Health Research. He is also a scientist with the Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System.

Blosnich's team used data from 21 states that participated in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey.

Across the participating states, the team focused on the health of the nearly 5,000 participants who identified as sexual minorities. In particular, the team analyzed the number of "unhealthy days," which the CDC characterized as the total number of days in the past 30 that people reported that their physical and mental health were not good.

Researchers Found

Among residents of the 21 states, only Indiana saw a significant increase in the percent of sexual minority people reporting unhealthy days over the course of 2015.
In the first quarter of the year, 24.5 percent of sexual minorities surveyed reported that their health was poor for 14 or more days each month.
In the final quarter of the year, following public discussion and Indiana's passage of the RFRA, 59.5 percent of sexual minorities reported poor health in 14 or more days per month.
By contrast, heterosexual people in Indiana did not have any increase in unhealthy days across the same period.

"If some other general, statewide factor was at work, we would expect to see the same increase in unhealthy days for heterosexual people in Indiana, and we didn't see that," Blosnich said. "If it was a regional or a seasonal factor, we would expect to see the same increase in unhealthy days for sexual minority people in Indiana's neighboring states of Ohio and Illinois, and we didn't see that either."

Research shows that sexual minority populations have greater rates of poor mental health, including depression and anxiety, which are attributed to the discrimination, harassment and stigma that they often endure. They also face a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

"The Indiana case suggests that the character of the RFRA law might be an important factor in its broader impacts on public health," said study co-author Erin Cassese, Ph.D., associate professor in the University of Delaware's Department of Political Science and International Relations. "Some RFRAs are stronger than others, and Indiana's RFRA law 'has teeth' in the sense that it can be used in private litigation, including cases where businesses wish to deny services to sexual minorities. It also permits courts to grant compensatory damages against whomever brings the suit - making a court challenge to a service denial a much riskier proposition."

"This project adds to a growing body of research demonstrating that experiences of discrimination are associated with poor health outcomes in a range of minority populations," she added. "While debate over RFRA laws doesn't typically engage with questions of public health, this project suggests negative health outcomes might be a consequence of this type of policy, and thus warrant some consideration by policymakers."

Additional authors on this research are Robert W.S. Coulter, Ph.D., M.P.H., Jordan M. Sang, M.P.H., and Christina Mair, Ph.D., all of Pitt Public Health; and Derrick D. Matthews, Ph.D., of the University of North Carolina. This research was supported by Department of Veterans Affairs Health Service Research and Development award CDA 14-408 and National Institute on Drug Abuse award F31DA037647.

Insights, Analysis, and Developments

Editorial Note: The findings of this study serve as a stark reminder that legislation, even when framed as protecting one form of freedom, can inadvertently - or perhaps predictably - harm others, particularly those already on society's margins. As we grapple with balancing religious liberties and equal protections, we must ask ourselves: at what cost do we prioritize one over the other? The voices of sexual minorities, whose health deteriorated amid Indiana's legal shift, demand a deeper reckoning - one that ensures no one's well-being is sacrificed on the altar of ideology, and that our laws foster a society where all can thrive, not just survive. The significant rise in reported poor health among sexual minorities following the enactment of Indiana's RFRA underscores the profound impact that discriminatory laws can have on public health. Policymakers should consider these unintended health consequences when drafting legislation that may marginalize vulnerable populations - Disabled World (DW).

Attribution/Source(s): This peer reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World (DW) due to its relevance to the disability community. Originally authored by University of Pittsburgh Schools of The Health Sciences and published on 2018/10/21, this content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity. NOTE: Disabled World does not provide any warranties or endorsements related to this article.