Understanding Glaucoma: Types, Treatments, and Helpful Insights

Author: Disabled World (DW)
Updated/Revised Date: 2025/03/16
Category Topic: Glaucoma Information (Publications Database)

Page Content: Synopsis - Introduction - Main - Subtopics

Synopsis: Learn about glaucoma, an eye disease damaging the optic nerve, potentially leading to blindness if untreated. Discover types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve endings. It connects the retina to the brain. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. A healthy optic nerve is necessary for good vision.

Introduction

Glaucoma is a term describing a group of ocular disorders that result in optic nerve damage, often associated with increased fluid pressure in the eye. The disorders can be roughly divided into two main categories, "open-angle" and "closed-angle" (or "angle closure") glaucoma. Glaucoma can result in vision loss and in extreme cases, blindness. Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may not show up until later in life. However, with early diagnosis, you can often treat your eyes and guard them from serious vision loss.

Main Document

What is the Optic Nerve?

The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve endings. It connects the retina to the brain. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. A healthy optic nerve is necessary for good vision.

Open-angle glaucoma is the most common form. Open-angle glaucoma accounts for 90% of glaucoma cases in the United States. It is painless and does not have acute attacks. The only signs are gradually progressive visual field loss, and optic nerve changes (increased cup-to-disc ratio on fundoscopic examination).

Closed-angle glaucoma accounts for less than 10% of glaucoma cases in the United States, but as many as half of glaucoma cases in other nations (particularly Asian countries). About 10% of patients with closed angles present with acute angle closure crises characterized by sudden ocular pain, seeing halos around lights, red eye, very high intraocular pressure (>30 mmHg), nausea and vomiting, suddenly decreased vision, and a fixed, mid-dilated pupil. It is also associated with an oval pupil in some cases. Acute angle closure is an emergency.

Continued below image.
This image compares a healthy eye and an eye affected by glaucoma, illustrating the impact of increased intraocular pressure on the optic nerve.
This image compares a healthy eye and an eye affected by glaucoma, illustrating the impact of increased intraocular pressure on the optic nerve. Healthy Eye: On the left side, the diagram shows a cross-section of a normal eye. The retina is labeled as the innermost layer at the back of the eye, and the optic nerve appears intact, connecting the eye to the brain. The structures are shown without any distortion or pressure. Eye with Glaucoma: On the right side, the diagram depicts a cross-section of an eye affected by glaucoma. A large arrow labeled Intraocular pressure points inward toward the optic nerve, indicating increased pressure inside the eye. This pressure visibly compresses and damages the optic nerve, which is depicted as thinner and distorted compared to its appearance in the healthy eye.
Continued...

Types of Glaucoma

Low-tension or Normal-tension Glaucoma

Optic nerve damage and narrowed side vision occur in people with normal eye pressure.

Lowering eye pressure at least 30 percent through medicines slows the disease in some people. Glaucoma may worsen in others despite low pressures.

A comprehensive medical history is important in identifying other potential risk factors, such as low blood pressure, that contribute to low-tension glaucoma. If no risk factors are identified, the treatment options for low-tension glaucoma are the same as for open-angle glaucoma.

Angle-closure Glaucoma

The fluid at the front of the eye cannot reach the angle and leave the eye. The angle gets blocked by part of the iris.

People with this type of glaucoma have a sudden increase in eye pressure.

Symptoms include severe pain and nausea, as well as redness of the eye and blurred vision. If you have these symptoms, you need to seek treatment immediately.

This is a medical emergency. If your doctor is unavailable, go to the nearest hospital or clinic. Without treatment to improve the flow of fluid, the eye can become blind in as few as one or two days. Usually, prompt laser surgery and medicines can clear the blockage and protect sight.

Congenital Glaucoma

Children are born with a defect in the angle of the eye that slows the normal drainage of fluid. These children usually have obvious symptoms, such as cloudy eyes, sensitivity to light, and excessive tearing.

Conventional surgery typically is the suggested treatment, because medicines may have unknown effects in infants and be difficult to administer.

Surgery is safe and effective. If surgery is done promptly, these children usually have an excellent chance of having good vision.

Secondary Glaucomas

These can develop as complications of other medical conditions.

These types of glaucomas are sometimes associated with eye surgery or advanced cataracts, eye injuries, certain eye tumors, or uveitis (eye inflammation).

Pigmentary glaucoma occurs when pigment from the iris flakes off and blocks the mesh-work, slowing fluid drainage.

Glaucoma Eye Exam

Glaucoma is detected through a comprehensive dilated eye exam that includes the following:

A severe form, called neovascular glaucoma, is linked to diabetes.

Glaucoma Facts and Statistics

Publications

- American Academy of Ophthalmology explains common eye symptoms for senior adults in support of healthy aging month.

- Study confirms associations with age and family history and exfoliation glaucoma or exfoliation glaucoma suspect as well as providing new data on associations with gender eye color and ancestry.

- Direct correlation between increased expenditure and increased severity of glaucoma with medication consisting of one-third to one-half of direct costs.

Complete List of Publications

Subtopics

Citing Information and Page References

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Cite This Page (APA): Disabled World (DW). (Rev. 2025, March 16). Understanding Glaucoma: Types, Treatments, and Helpful Insights. Disabled World (DW). Retrieved April 30, 2025 from www.disabled-world.com/disability/types/vision/glaucoma/

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