Autism: Information, Facts and Research News

Autism Falls Under the Category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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Definition

Autism

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a lifelong, nonprogressive neurological disorder typically appearing before the age of three years. The word "autism" means a developmental disability is significantly affecting verbal and non-verbal communication and social interaction. People with ASD may behave, communicate, interact, and learn in ways that are different from most others. Often, nothing about how they look sets them apart from other people. The classic form of autism involves a triad of impairments; in social interaction, communication, language use, and limited imagination as reflected in restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior patterns and activities.

Main Document

Autism is a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and restricted and repetitive behavior, starting before a child is three. This set of signs distinguishes autism from milder autism spectrum disorders (ASD) such as pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).

Autism falls under the category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders, which includes disorders like Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and then autism is then divided up into many subtypes including Asperger's Syndrome.

For reasons as yet unidentified, autism has become an epidemic in America over the last couple of decades. While considerable controversy surrounds the issue of why this condition is escalating so rapidly. Other proposed causes, such as childhood vaccines, are controversial, and the vaccine hypotheses lack convincing scientific evidence.

Autism Statistics

Autism prevalence studies data table from the ADDM Network for years 2000 to 2020 with combined data from all sites. The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is a program funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to collect data to better understand the number and characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities living in different areas of the United States.

Table Showing Yearly Identified Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the U.S.

Autism and ADHD

Autism and ADHD could present with each other or with various other conditions - but they do not "typically" present together. Some autism symptoms could appear, like inattention. You should not easily confuse someone with ADHD with someone with autism, as their functioning and behavior are different. Autistic individuals display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows:

• Compulsive behavior is intended and appears to follow the rules, such as arranging objects in a certain way.
• Stereotypy is purposeless movement, such as hand flapping, making sounds, head rolling, or body rocking.
• Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.
• Restricted behavior is limited in focus, interest, or activity, such as preoccupation with a single television program or toy.
• Self-injury includes movements that injure or can injure the person, such as biting oneself. A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point affected about 30% of children with ASD.
• Ritualistic behavior involves performing daily activities the same way each time, such as an unvarying menu or dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness, and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors.

No single repetitive behavior appears to be specific to autism, but only autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors. Early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain self-care and social and communication skills. There is currently no known cure for autism.

Children and Adults with ASD May:

• Avoid eye contact and want to be alone
• Repeat actions over and over again
• Have trouble adapting when a routine changes
• Not look at objects when another person points at them
• Not play "pretend" games (for example, not pretend to feed a doll)
• Have trouble expressing their needs using typical words or motions
• Prefer not to be held or cuddled, or might cuddle only when they want to
• Have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound
• Lose skills they once had (for example, stop saying words they were using)
• Have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all
• Appear to be unaware when people talk to them, but respond to other sounds
• Be very interested in people, but not know how to talk, play, or relate to them
• Not point at objects to show interest (for example, not point at an airplane flying over)
• Have trouble understanding other people's feelings or talking about their feelings
• Repeat or echo words or phrases said to them, or repeat words or phrases in place of normal language

Common Autistic Traits

Behaviorally, certain characteristics identify the autism spectrum. The number of autistic traits determines the severity of autism in the individual. These autistic traits may benefit disciplines like science, mathematics, and engineering.

Social Impairment

• Gullibility
• Lack of eye contact
• Social awkwardness
• Poor ability to make friends
• Brief response to questions
• Indiscriminate social interaction
• Lack of observed desire for friendship

Language Impairment

• Pronoun reversal
• Use of rote chunks of language
• Late or no development of language
• Overly formal and pedantic language
• Odd or monotonous prosody of speech
• Visuospatial thinking, sometimes preferred
• Poor use and understanding of nonverbal communication (i.e., facial expressions and body language)

Imaginative Impairment and Repetitive Adherence

• Preference for routine
• Perseverative interest or focus
• Concrete and literal use of language
• Poor understanding of abstract thought, metaphors, and symbolism
• Absorption in detail; inability to understand meaning or the whole of a concept

Sensory Integration Dysfunction

• Self-stimulating mannerisms
• Fine or gross motor discoordination
• Peculiar clothing and food preferences
• Hyper or hyposensitivity of the various senses

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Subtopics and Associated Subjects

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