Organoids: Fitting a Mini Brain with a Tiny Cap

Published: 2022-08-17 - Updated: 2023-01-04
Author: Johns Hopkins University | Contact: jhu.edu
Peer-Reviewed Publication: Yes
Journal Reference: DOI Link to the Study Paper
Library of Related Papers: Regenerative Medicine Publications

Synopsis: A tiny EEG electrode cap was created to measure activity in an organoid brain model the size of a pen dot to lead to a better understanding of neural disorders and how chemicals affect the brain. Since organoids were first created over a decade ago, researchers have modified stem cells to develop small-scale kidneys, lungs, livers, and brains. The complex, miniature models are used to study how the organs develop. This provides an essential tool for understanding the development and workings of the human brain. Creating micro-instrumentation for mini-organs is challenging, but this invention is fundamental to new research.

Definition

Organoids: Organoids are tiny, self-organized three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from stem cells. Such cultures can be crafted to replicate much of an organ's complexity or express selected aspects of it, like producing only certain types of cells. Organoids are derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self-organize in three-dimensional culture owing to their self-renewal and differentiation capacities. Brain organoids display structures that resemble defined brain regions and simulate specific changes in neurological disorders; thus, organoids have become an excellent model for investigating brain development, neurological diseases, and reversing effects of autism-linked mutation. To date, researchers have produced organoids that resemble the brain, kidney, lung, intestine, stomach, and liver, and many more are on the way.

Main Digest

It could be the world's tiniest EEG electrode cap, created to measure activity in a brain model the size of a pen dot. Its designers expect the device to understand better neural disorders and how potentially dangerous chemicals affect the brain.

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This engineering feat, led by Johns Hopkins University researchers and detailed in Science Advances, expands what researchers can accomplish with organoids, including mini brains - the lab-grown balls of human cells that mimic some of a brain's structure and functionality.

"This provides an important tool to understand the development and workings of the human brain," said David Gracias, a Johns Hopkins chemical and biomolecular engineer and one of the creators. "Creating micro-instrumentation for mini-organs is challenging, but this invention is fundamental to new research."

Since organoids were first created more than a decade ago, researchers have modified stem cells to create small-scale kidneys, lungs, livers, and brains. The complex, miniature models are used to study how the organs develop. Researchers study unaltered organoids next to ones that are genetically modified, injected with viruses, and exposed to chemicals. Organoids, particularly mini-brains, are increasingly important in medical research because they can be used in experiments that would otherwise require human or animal testing.

But because the conventional apparatus to test organoids is flat, researchers have been able to examine only limited cells on their surface. Gracias said that knowing what's happening to a larger number of cells in the organoid would help understand how organs function and diseases progress.

"We want to get information from as many cells as possible in the brain, so we know the state of the cells, how they communicate, and their spatiotemporal electrical patterns," he said.

Humans "are not Flat Stanley," said co-author Lena Smirnova, a research associate in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering at the Bloomberg School. "Flat measurements have inherent limitations."

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Brain organoid in a petri dish - Image Credit: Carolina Romero, Center for Alternative to Animal Testing, Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Inspired by the electrode-dotted skull caps used to detect brain tumors, the team created tiny EEG caps for brain organoids from self-folding polymer leaflets with conductive polymer-coated metal electrodes. The microcaps wrap around the entirety of an organoid's spherical shape, enabling 3D recording from the entire surface so that, among other things, researchers can listen to the spontaneous electrical communication of neurons during drug tests.

The data is expected to be superior to the current readings from conventional electrodes on a flat plate.

"If you record from a flat plane, you only get recordings from the bottom of a 3D organoid sphere. However, the organoid is not just a homogeneous sphere," said first author Qi Huang, a Ph.D. Candidate in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering. "There are neuron cells that communicate with each other that's why we need a spatial-temporal mapping of it."

With more detailed information from organoids, researchers can study whether chemicals used in consumer products cause problems in brain development, said co-author Thomas Hartung, director of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

"Some chemicals like pesticides are especially suspicious as many kill insects by damaging their nervous system," Hartung said. "Flame retardants are another class of chemicals where we have concerns."

Researchers hope that readings from the caps could reduce the number of animals needed to test chemical effects. Traditional testing of just one chemical requires about 1,000 rats and costs about $1 million, Hartung said. The results from organoids are also more germane, he added, because human brains are very different from rat and mice brains.

About the Study:

Co-authors of the study include Bohao Tang, July Carolina Romero, Yuqian Yang, Gayatri Pahapale, Tien-Jung Lee, Itzy E. Morales Pantoja, Cynthia Berlinicke, Terry Xiang, Mallory Solazzo, and Brian S. Caffo from Johns Hopkins University, Saifeldeen Khalil Elsayed and Zhao Qin from Syracuse University, and Fang Han from the University of Washington.

The work is supported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Star grant R8395050, Johns Hopkins University Discovery Award, National Institutes of Health/ National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering P41EB031771, R01EB029977, and National Institute on Drug Abuse U54DA049110.

Attribution/Source(s):

This peer reviewed article relating to our regenerative medicine section was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World due to its likely interest to our disability community readers. Though the content may have been edited for style, clarity, or length, the article "Organoids: Fitting a Mini Brain with a Tiny Cap" was originally written by Johns Hopkins University. Should you require further information or clarification, they can be contacted at jhu.edu Disabled World makes no warranties or representations in connection therewith.

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