Genetic Cause of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) Identified
Author: Hiroshima University
Published: 2016/03/14 - Updated: 2022/08/17 - Peer-Reviewed: Yes
Contents: Summary - Introduction - Main - Related
Synopsis: Researchers identify new mutation responsible for Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA), a degenerative and ultimately fatal movement disorder. Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a genetic disease that causes the wasting away of the cerebellum, the portion of the brain responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, like walking, speaking, and even the direction of our eyes. The gene responsible for causing SCA is located on Chromosome 17. The gene, called CACNA1G, encodes the Cav3.1 protein. Cav3.1 serves as an ion channel, or gateway, between the inside nerve cells and the rest of the body.
Introduction
Using the genetic information of two different families with three generations of disease, researchers have identified a new mutation responsible for a degenerative and ultimately fatal movement disorder. Through induced pluripotent stem cell techniques, researchers also grew neurons from one patient in the laboratory to be used in future experiments.
Main Digest
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a genetic disease that causes wasting away of the cerebellum, the portion of the brain responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, like walking, speaking, and even the direction of our eyes.
Currently, SCA has no cure or treatment. The mutations responsible for about 30 percent of cases are still unidentified.
Two different families with SCA sought treatment at two different hospitals in Japan. After preliminary testing on the symptomatic individuals, doctors identified none of the known genetic mutations. Researchers at Hiroshima University then received the patient's genetic samples and began searching for the new mutation.
After genetic sequencing of four family members with SCA, a research team led by Professor Hideshi Kawakami, MD, Ph.D., from the Department of Epidemiology at Hiroshima University, used statistical analysis to compare the families' DNA to that of unrelated people without SCA. This statistical analysis allowed researchers to identify which genetic variation the family members with SCA shared that healthy people did not.
The gene responsible for causing both families' SCA is located on Chromosome 17. The gene, called CACNA1G, encodes the Cav3.1 protein. Cav3.1 serves as an ion channel, or gateway, between the inside nerve cells and the rest of the body. Scientists in different fields of research already know Cav3.1 controls how many Calcium ions are allowed into nerves when they send an electrical impulse through the brain. Cav3.1 had never been linked to SCA before.
Changing a single letter in the DNA sequence of CACNA1G switches a single amino acid in the chain of 2377 amino acids that cells connect to build the Cav3.1 protein.
Researchers performed the experiments to examine how the mutated Cav3.1 channel behaves in cells growing in a dish. This mutation makes the Cav3.1 channels open at a lower threshold, meaning they let Calcium into the cell differently from healthy cells.
"In the future, a drug modifying this channel may cure the patients," said Prof. Kawakami.
Skin cells from one patient were used in induced pluripotent stem cell experiments to grow this patient's neurons in the laboratory. These new neurons showed no obvious physical deformities, which might fit with normal SCA progression. Depending on SCA mutation, some patients may not experience symptoms until middle age.
"We might need some age-related factors to reproduce life-like cell behavior," said Prof. Kawakami.
Researchers plan to use the neurons in future experiments to study the disease-causing Cav3.1 under more life-like conditions and in greater detail.
Attribution/Source(s):
This peer reviewed publication titled Genetic Cause of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) Identified was chosen for publishing by Disabled World's editors due to its relevance to the disability community. While the content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity, it was originally authored by Hiroshima University and published 2016/03/14 (Edit Update: 2022/08/17). For further details or clarifications, you can contact Hiroshima University directly at hiroshima-u.ac.jp Disabled World does not provide any warranties or endorsements related to this article.
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