Good Gut Clostridia Protects From Allergy and Autoimmunity

Author: Vedanta Biosciences
Published: 2010/12/25 - Updated: 2024/05/13
Publication Details: Peer-Reviewed, Findings
Category Topic: Digestive System Disorders - Academic Publications

Page Content: Synopsis - Introduction - Main

Synopsis: Specific gut-dwelling bacteria control key immune cells that combat allergies and autoimmune diseases. For millions of years, we have co-evolved with our gut microbes, communicating in an ancient language that may hold critical clues about how autoimmune and infectious diseases develop.

Defining Human Microbiome

Human Microbiome: The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut; the human microbiome consists of the genes these cells harbor. Types of human microbiota include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. Though micro-animals can also live on the human body, they are typically excluded from this definition. The microbiome consists of microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful. Most are symbiotic (where both the human body and microbiota benefit) and some, in smaller numbers, are pathogenic (promoting disease). In a healthy body, pathogenic and symbiotic microbiota coexist without problems. Microbiome projects worldwide have been launched with the goal of understanding the roles that these symbionts play and their impacts on human health.

Introduction

Scientists at the University of Tokyo have discovered that specific gut-dwelling bacteria control key immune cells that combat allergies and autoimmune diseases. The paper describing these findings was published in the journal Science, and technology originating from the work is being advanced by start-up Vedanta Biosciences.

Main Content

Dr. Kenya Honda and colleagues initially showed that mice raised in sterile conditions had deficient levels of regulatory T cells in their colon compared to mice colonized with microbes.

"Regulatory T cells are the peace-keepers of the immune system," says Dr. Alexander Rudensky, tri-institutional Professor at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, the Rockefeller University, and Cornell University, whose previous work helped describe this specialized subset of T cells. "When these cells are missing, the body has trouble putting the brakes on excessive immune responses."

The team of researchers led by Honda then zeroed in on a subset of gut microbes belonging to the Clostridia class that were responsible for triggering production of regulatory T cells. Feeding these "Good Clostridia" to mice prevented the development of allergies and inflammatory bowel disease.

"For millions of years, we have co-evolved with our gut microbes, communicating in an ancient language that may hold critical clues about how autoimmune and infectious diseases develop," said Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov, Professor of Immuno-biology at Yale, who authored pioneering studies of the innate immune system. "Researchers like Dr. Honda are making important strides to begin decoding this complex language."

This newly understood beneficial role of certain species of Clostridia may be reminiscent of the opposite effects on health of "good" and "bad" cholesterol. While some species are harmful pathogens, such as C. difficile, many other Clostridia species are harmless or even beneficial as illustrated by Honda's work.

"These surprising findings suggest we should revisit how we view this class of microbes," said Dr. Dan Littman, Professor of Molecular Immunology at NYU, whose previous work shed light on the development of Th17 cells in response to microbial signals. Dr. Littman added that Honda's findings "open up new treatment options for preventing and treating a number of immune-related disorders."

Honda's paper is the latest of a series of recent high profile publications that have followed the launch of the Human Microbiome Project by the NIH, and of similar international efforts aimed at exploring the roles of the human microbiome in health and disease.

"The human microbiome is an exciting area of research that may enable a completely new class of therapies," said Dr. Ben Shapiro, Chairman and Senior Partner of PureTech Ventures and former EVP Worldwide Basic & External Research at Merck. "PureTech has made a significant commitment to translating research related to the microbiome, and we have a number of exciting technologies and programs under development."

Vedanta Biosciences

Vedanta Biosciences, a privately held company, was co-founded by PureTech Ventures and a group of world renowned experts in immunology and microbiology. Vedanta Biosciences' mission is to develop a novel class of therapies that modulate pathways of interaction between the human microbiome and the host immune system. The technology developed by Dr. Honda and colleagues at the University of Tokyo forms the basis of one of several programs being advanced by the company. Dr. Medzhitov is the founding Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of Vedanta, and Dr. Rudensky, Dr. Littman, and Dr. Brett Finlay, Professor at the University of British Columbia and author of pioneering studies on molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction, are founding members of the Scientific Advisory Board of Vedanta.

PureTech Ventures

PureTech Ventures is a Boston-based venture creation firm specializing in translating breakthrough research from top tier academic institutions into therapies that will significantly impact human health and well-being. PureTech's Partners include entrepreneurs and leaders from the top echelon of pharma, biotech and academia.

Attribution/Source(s): This peer reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World (DW) due to its relevance to the disability community. Originally authored by Vedanta Biosciences and published on 2010/12/25, this content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity.