Majority of NYC Run Psychiatric Hospitals Deny Patients Any Outdoor Access

Denial of Fresh Air Access for Psychiatric Patients: A Report on NYC H+H Hospitals

Introduction

Mental Hygiene Legal Services (MHLS) and Disability Rights Advocates (DRA) have released a report titled "Denial of Fresh Air Access for Psychiatric Patients: A Report on NYC H+H Hospitals." This report outlines findings from a months-long investigation into the denial of fresh air and outdoor access to individuals receiving psychiatric treatment in hospitals operated by NYC Health and Hospitals (H+H).

Main Digest

The findings are stark, the majority of H+H hospitals continuously deprive patients of all access to fresh air and the outdoors, regardless of their circumstances or the length of their confinement. The investigation revealed the ongoing hardship and distress experienced by individuals subjected to uninterrupted indoor confinement, often for months at a time, while receiving inpatient mental health care in city-run hospitals. Read the full report with legal analysis and recommendations for each of the eleven H+H Hospitals.

Mental Health Awareness Month

During Mental Health Awareness Month, MHLS and DRA call on H+H and the Adams administration to ensure patients receiving treatment in New York City's psychiatric units are provided with regular outdoor access-similar to that routinely provided to others confined in city institutions, such as jail inmates.

As the report details, some of H+H's own written policies recognize "the therapeutic and healing benefits of fresh outdoor air," and the "significant positive impact on the health and wellness of patients." Nonetheless, most H+H hospitals deny patients receiving psychiatric treatment-including both children and adults-any access to the outdoors regardless of their clinical presentation or length of stay.

Profound Negative Impact

Patients interviewed by MHLS during the investigation widely reported the profound negative impact of this deprivation on their lives. At Bellevue Hospital, which operates eleven units, including three adolescent units, patients pleaded to go outside.

One patient held at Bellevue for over a year, said "I live here in this bed."

A young boy described himself "an outdoors kid" who would want to go outside "as much as I humanly possibly can."

An adult patient reported, "after a while of being here, access [to the outdoors] becomes a need rather than a want."

A forensic patient, when asked about going outside, replied, "you mean like in prison?" From his past incarcerations, he knew that prison inmates are routinely permitted to go outside, even as hospital patients are not.

These patients' experiences are unfortunately not unique. Bellevue, which provides no outdoor access to any of its adult or adolescent patients receiving psychiatric treatment (as many as 316 patients at any time), is joined by six other H+H hospitals who deny all their adult patients receiving psychiatric treatment access to the outdoors. The wholescale deprivation spans twenty-seven separate H+H units, three of which treat adolescents, for a total of nearly 800 licensed beds.

"Imagine going to a New York City hospital to get help for depression and learning that you can only receive inpatient treatment if you spend your entire hospitalization inside without any access to fresh air, nature, or the outdoors," said Leonard Simmons, Principal Attorney at MHLS. "That is the reality in the majority of H+H hospitals. Ironically, if the person committed a crime and were in jail or prison, they would instead be guaranteed the right to regular outdoor access within days."

"Individuals should not be excluded from access to the outdoors and fresh air simply because of their mental health disability," said Erin Gallagher, Senior Staff Attorney at DRA. "Permitting patients to languish in locked units for months without stepping foot outdoors violates their legally protected rights and is unacceptable."

H+H cannot continue its practice of denying fresh air and outdoor access to patients receiving psychiatric treatment. It is imperative that H+H implement and enforce policies that protect the fresh air rights of all these patients in their care, whether the patient's hospital stay lasts two weeks or one year.

Mental Hygiene Legal Services (MHLS)

The Mental Hygiene Legal Service is one of the oldest legal advocacy programs in the U.S. for people with mental disabilities. Since its creation by statute in 1964, MHLS has served as the watchdog of the rights of people in New York who are hospitalized due to mental illness, as well as those with developmental disabilities. MHLS's practice includes statutory and constitutional litigation, class actions and writs of habeas corpus in State and Federal Court. The agency has brought and continues to bring significant litigation on behalf of both individual clients and classes.

Disability Rights Advocates (DRA)

With offices in California and New York, Disability Rights Advocates is the leading national nonprofit disability rights legal center. Its mission is to advance equal rights and opportunity for people with all types of disabilities nationwide. DRA represents people with all types of disabilities in complex, system-changing, class action cases. Thanks to DRA's precedent-setting work, people with disabilities across the country have dramatically improved access to education, health care, employment, transportation, disaster preparedness planning, voting, and housing.

Similar Topics of Interest

• U.S. Jails Hold More Mentally Ill Persons Than Hospitals: U.S. states such as Texas, Nevada and Arizona have far greater numbers of mentally ill persons housed in state prisons than in hospitals.
• Mentally Ill: Who Goes to Prison? Who Goes to Psych Institutions?: Difference between people with mental illness incarcerated for crime and those declared not criminally responsible and hospitalized at psychiatric institution.
• People with Intellectual Disabilities and the Prison System: Article examines persons with cognitive disabilities as victims or offenders of crime occurring more often than people who do not experience forms of disabilities.
• America, Land of the... Prosecuted: U.S. prisons have filled with more than murderers rapists and violent gang members.
• Lack of Mental Health Care in Prisons: Research shows state and federal prisoners are not receiving treatment for mental health conditions.
• The Americans with Disabilities Act and Prison Conditions: Facilities covered by Title II of the ADA including detention and correction facilities are required to make services and programs or activities accessible to people with disabilities.
• How Prison Solitary Confinement Harms People with Physical Disabilities: National report on how solitary confinement harms people with physical disabilities - Wheelchairs, braille materials, hearing aids, and other vital devices often denied in solitary.
• Outlining Need for Accommodations for Prisoners with Disabilities: AVID releases Making Hard Time Harder: Programmatic Accommodations for Inmates with Disabilities Under the Americans with Disabilities Act outlining lack of accommodations for inmates with disabilities.
• Prisons Or Education? Where Should Tax Dollars Be Spent?: United States continues to spend money locking up its citizens while at the same time cutting funding for higher education.
• Childhood Trauma and Women's Health in Prison: Strong likelihood that link between childhood trauma and adult physical and mental health issues greatly more pronounced among female offenders.
• Overcriminalization of People with Disabilities Must Be Addressed in Criminal Justice Reform: Report puts disability issues in perspective within criminal justice reform, highlighting steps to combat inappropriate and unjust incarceration and criminalization of people with disabilities, and ensure appropriate and humane treatment of people with disabilities throughout the justice system.
• Accommodations for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Prisoners: Class action lawsuit in response to systemic discrimination by Illinois Department of Corrections and its failure to provide accommodations to deaf and hard of hearing prisoners.
• 33% of Prisoners Reported a Disability in 2011 - 2012: Estimates of disabilities include six specific classifications: hearing, vision, cognitive, ambulatory, self-care and independent living.

Attribution/Source(s):

This peer reviewed publication titled Majority of NYC Run Psychiatric Hospitals Deny Patients Any Outdoor Access was chosen for publishing by Disabled World's editors due to its relevance to the disability community. While the content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity, it was originally authored by Disability Rights Advocates and published 2024/05/09 (Edit Update: 2024/05/11). For further details or clarifications, you can contact Disability Rights Advocates directly at dralegal.org Disabled World does not provide any warranties or endorsements related to this article.

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