Mind-Controlled Bionic Legs Restore Natural Walking Gait
Author: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Published: 1 Jul 2024 - Updated: 8 Nov 2026
Publication Details: Peer-Reviewed | Announcement
Table of Contents:
Synopsis - Definition - Overview - FAQs - Insights, Updates - Related Content
Synopsis
This research from MIT and Brigham and Women's Hospital, published in Nature Medicine in July 2024 and peer reviewed, shows that people with below-the-knee amputations can walk with a natural gait using a powered prosthetic leg driven entirely by their own nervous system. Seven people who had the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) surgery, which reconnects paired muscles in the residual limb, were compared with seven people who had traditional amputations, all using the same bionic ankle. The AMI group walked faster, climbed stairs and slopes more naturally and stepped over obstacles with ease, even though they received less than 20 percent of normal sensory feedback. The findings matter to amputees, surgeons and prosthetists because they suggest that a modest gain in nerve feedback can give users direct control of their limb rather than leaving it to preset robotic algorithms.*
At a Glance
- 1 - About 60 people worldwide have had the AMI surgery.
- 2 - The AMI procedure can also be performed for people with arm amputations.
- 3 - Participants were tested on a 10-meter walkway, ramps, stairs and an obstacle course.
- 4 - Patients who had the surgery also reported less pain and less muscle wasting in the residual limb.
Topic Definition
- Agonist-Antagonist Myoneural Interface
An agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) is a surgical technique used during or after a limb amputation in which the paired muscles that normally work in opposition, one contracting while the other stretches, are reconnected inside the residual limb. Keeping these muscle pairs linked preserves the sense of limb position and movement known as proprioception, and the electrical signals they produce can be read by electrodes to control a powered prosthesis, allowing the user to move an artificial limb under direct nervous system control.
Overview
State-of-the-art prosthetic limbs can help people with amputations achieve a natural walking gait, but they don't give the user full neural control over the limb. Instead, they rely on robotic sensors and controllers that move the limb using predefined gait algorithms.
Using a new type of surgical intervention and neuroprosthetic interface, MIT researchers, in collaboration with colleagues from Brigham and Women's Hospital, have shown that a natural walking gait is achievable using a prosthetic leg fully driven by the body's own nervous system. The surgical amputation procedure reconnects muscles in the residual limb, which allows patients to receive "proprioceptive" feedback about where their prosthetic limb is in space.
In a study of seven patients who had this surgery, the MIT team found that they were able to walk faster, avoid obstacles, and climb stairs much more naturally than people with a traditional amputation.
"This is the first prosthetic study in history that shows a leg prosthesis under full neural modulation, where a biomimetic gait emerges. No one has been able to show this level of brain control that produces a natural gait, where the human's nervous system is controlling the movement, not a robotic control algorithm," says Hugh Herr, a professor of media arts and sciences, co-director of the K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics at MIT, an associate member of MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the senior author of the new study.
Patients also experienced less pain and less muscle atrophy following this surgery, which is known as the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI). So far, about 60 patients around the world have received this type of surgery, which can also be done for people with arm amputations.
Hyungeun Song, a postdoc in MIT's Media Lab, is the lead author of the paper, which was published in Nature Medicine in July 2024.
Sensory Feedback
Most limb movement is controlled by pairs of muscles that take turns stretching and contracting. During a traditional below-the-knee amputation, the interactions of these paired muscles are disrupted. This makes it very difficult for the nervous system to sense the position of a muscle and how fast it's contracting - sensory information that is critical for the brain to decide how to move the limb.
People with this kind of amputation may have trouble controlling their prosthetic limb because they can't accurately sense where the limb is in space. Instead, they rely on robotic controllers built into the prosthetic limb. These limbs also include sensors that can detect and adjust to slopes and obstacles.
To try to help people achieve a natural gait under full nervous system control, Herr and his colleagues began developing the AMI surgery several years ago. Instead of severing natural agonist-antagonist muscle interactions, they connect the two ends of the muscles so that they still dynamically communicate with each other within the residual limb. This surgery can be done during a primary amputation, or the muscles can be reconnected after the initial amputation as part of a revision procedure.
"With the AMI amputation procedure, to the greatest extent possible, we attempt to connect native agonists to native antagonists in a physiological way so that after amputation, a person can move their full phantom limb with physiologic levels of proprioception and range of movement," Herr says.
In a 2021 study, Herr's lab found that patients who had this surgery were able to more precisely control the muscles of their amputated limb, and that those muscles produced electrical signals similar to those from their intact limb.
After those encouraging results, the researchers set out to explore whether those electrical signals could generate commands for a prosthetic limb and at the same time give the user feedback about the limb's position in space. The person wearing the prosthetic limb could then use that proprioceptive feedback to volitionally adjust their gait as needed.
In the new Nature Medicine study, the MIT team found this sensory feedback did indeed translate into a smooth, near-natural ability to walk and navigate obstacles.
"Because of the AMI neuroprosthetic interface, we were able to boost that neural signaling, preserving as much as we could. This was able to restore a person's neural capability to continuously and directly control the full gait, across different walking speeds, stairs, slopes, even going over obstacles," Song says.
A Natural Gait
For this study, the researchers compared seven people who had the AMI surgery with seven who had traditional below-the-knee amputations. All of the subjects used the same type of bionic limb: a prosthesis with a powered ankle as well as electrodes that can sense electromyography (EMG) signals from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles. These signals are fed into a robotic controller that helps the prosthesis calculate how much to bend the ankle, how much torque to apply, or how much power to deliver.
The researchers tested the subjects in several different situations: level-ground walking across a 10-meter pathway, walking up a slope, walking down a ramp, walking up and down stairs, and walking on a level surface while avoiding obstacles.
In all of these tasks, the people with the AMI neuroprosthetic interface were able to walk faster - at about the same rate as people without amputations - and navigate around obstacles more easily. They also showed more natural movements, such as pointing the toes of the prosthesis upward while going up stairs or stepping over an obstacle, and they were better able to coordinate the movements of their prosthetic limb and their intact limb. They were also able to push off the ground with the same amount of force as someone without an amputation.
"With the AMI cohort, we saw natural biomimetic behaviors emerge," Herr says. "The cohort that didn't have the AMI, they were able to walk, but the prosthetic movements weren't natural, and their movements were generally slower."
These natural behaviors emerged even though the amount of sensory feedback provided by the AMI was less than 20 percent of what would normally be received in people without an amputation.
"One of the main findings here is that a small increase in neural feedback from your amputated limb can restore significant bionic neural controllability, to a point where you allow people to directly neurally control the speed of walking, adapt to different terrain, and avoid obstacles," Song says.
"This work represents yet another step in us demonstrating what is possible in terms of restoring function in patients who suffer from severe limb injury. It is through collaborative efforts such as this that we are able to make transformational progress in patient care," says Matthew Carty, a surgeon at Brigham and Women's Hospital and associate professor at Harvard Medical School, who is also an author of the paper.
Enabling neural control by the person using the limb is a step toward Herr's lab's goal of "rebuilding human bodies," rather than having people rely on ever more sophisticated robotic controllers and sensors - tools that are powerful but do not feel like part of the user's body.
"The problem with that long-term approach is that the user would never feel embodied with their prosthesis. They would never view the prosthesis as part of their body, part of self," Herr says. "The approach we're taking is trying to comprehensively connect the brain of the human to the electromechanics."
Funding Disclosure
The research was funded by the MIT K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, a Neurosurgery Research Education Foundation Medical Research Fellowship, and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
More on this topic: Prosthetics Publications - Walking Aids Publications - Robotics Publications
Frequently Asked Questions
NOTE: Researched FAQs by Disabled World (DW)
Can AMI surgery be done after a past amputation?
Yes, the muscles can be reconnected in a later revision procedure, not only during the first amputation. Whether it is suitable depends on the condition of the residual limb, so a specialist assessment is needed.
Is a mind-controlled bionic leg available to buy now?
The system in this study was a research setup combining surgery, sensors and a powered ankle. Powered prosthetic ankles are sold today, but full neural control of the kind tested here is still being studied.
What is the difference between a powered and a passive prosthesis?
A passive prosthesis uses springs, hinges or flexible materials and relies on the wearer to move it. A powered prosthesis has a motor and battery that add force, which can help with push-off, stairs and slopes.
Does Medicare cover powered prosthetic legs?
Medicare can cover prosthetic limbs when they are medically necessary and prescribed, but coverage for advanced powered devices depends on documentation of the user's functional level. Private insurers set their own rules, so checking the policy is important.
What is phantom limb pain?
Phantom limb pain is pain that feels as if it comes from the part of the limb that was removed. It is common after amputation, and keeping muscles connected, as AMI does, may help reduce it for some people.
How long does it take to learn to walk with a new prosthetic leg?
Most people need several weeks to months of physical therapy to walk confidently with a new prosthesis. The time varies with age, overall health, the level of amputation and the type of device.
What is electromyography in prosthetics?
Electromyography, or EMG, measures the small electrical signals muscles produce when they contract. Prosthetic systems use EMG sensors on the skin or under it to turn those signals into movement commands.
Who are the best candidates for a bionic leg?
Good candidates usually have a healthy residual limb, enough strength and balance to train with the device, and goals such as walking outdoors or on varied ground. A prosthetist and rehabilitation team can advise on the best fit.
Insights, Analysis, and Developments
Editorial Note: Most advanced prosthetic legs still decide for the wearer how to move, using built-in sensors and preset gait patterns, which is why many users describe them as tools rather than part of their body. The MIT work points in a different direction: restore the push and pull between paired muscles at the time of amputation, and the nervous system can take back control. The study was small and limited to below-the-knee amputations, so larger and longer trials are needed before the approach becomes standard care. For people facing a planned amputation, it is worth asking the surgical team whether muscle-preserving techniques such as AMI are available, since the choice is made in the operating room and is harder to revisit later.*
Attribution/Source(s): This peer-reviewed publication was selected for publishing by the editors of Disabled World (DW) due to its relevance to the disability community. Originally issued as a press release by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and published on 1 Jul 2024. Last updated on 8 Nov 2026. This content may have been edited for style, clarity, or brevity.
* Editorial additions by Ian C. Langtree.